Gymnospermae and Angiospermae

1.What are similarities and differences between Sub divisi Gymnospermae and Angiospermae

2.What main characters of Angiospermae

3.Angiospermae is classified into two group,explain it?

4.What differences between dicotyledonae and monocotyledonae

5.Dicotyl undergoes twice fertilization.What is mean by that !

Answer :

1.       Similarities between Sub divisi Gymnospermae and Angiospermae

·         Both the form of trees and shrubs

·         megaspore contained in megasporangium (nusellus) and never loose

·         Nusellus surrounded forming ovule integument. The ovule has sesile or stemmed forms

·         Both produce seeds

·         Pollen tubes grow into powder

·         The root heels

·         Both have plants monoecous (married one) and diecous (married two)

Differences between Sub divisi Gymnospermae and Angiospermae

No	Comparison factor	Angiospermae	Gymnospermae
1	Habitat	Most herbs	Nothing herbs
2	Vegetative Propagation	With a bulb, rhizome, cuttings, and grafts	With the shoot stem (bulbil)
3	Ovum	Not formed in arkegonium	Formed in arkegonium (except Gnetum)
4	Ovule	Closed (protected carpels)	Open (not protected carpels)
5	Type of transport vessels	on the stem at the root of the radial collateral while at the	collateral bar open
6	Place pollination	in the stigma	in pollination drops
7	Type germination	epigeal and hypogeal	epigeal
8	Branch	Various, branched or not	Upright, branching
9	Leaves	Most broad-leaf, single or compound with the composition of diverse	Broadleaf rarely, rarely are compound
10	Bone leaf	Diverse bone system	Systems are not manifold bone
11	Flowers	Interest is composed of sporofil plus other parts; real interest has existed as a means of reproduction consisting of pistils and stamens that are often called Anthophyta (flowering plants).	There has been no real interest because the fruit comes from the ovary, sporofil fragmentary or form female and male strobilus
12	Pollination	Various (autogami, anemogami, hidrogami, zoidiogami, etc.); pollen falls on the stigma; The distance of time between pollination until fertilization is relatively short	Almost always with anemogami; Pollen fall (in pollination drops) directly on the ovule; The distance of time between pollination until fertilization is relatively long
13	male sex cells	a sperm nucleus (generative nucleus) are not actively engaged	spermatozoid form that is still actively engaged
14	Anatomy	There are have cambium and not have too; There is a secondary one is not thickened; File collateral vessels transporting some open, some closed collateral, there is a bikolateral; Xylem consists of the trachea and trakeida ; phloem with escort cells	Roots and stems berkambium, always held a secondary thickening growth, transport vessels koleteral file open; Xylem consists of only trakeida Phloem without accompaniment cells
15	Type of fertilization	double fertilization	single fertilization (one time changes are made, namely between the core nucleus of generative and ovum produces a zygote-a new plant)
16	Types of xylem and phloem	heterogeneous, which means it consists of cells and trachea tracheid	homogenous, composed of tracheid cells alone
17	Tools reproduction	do not have ovaries and flowers, that there is a strobilus. open zigotnya granted.	zygote which is located on the ovaries, the ovaries are located on the flower
18	Makrosporofil and mikrosporofil	There does not appear and collected in a separate	Appear and separate
19	Classification class	Dicotyledonae and Monocotyledonae	Pinophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, and Gnetophyta

2.       Main Characteristic of Angiospermae (plant seed closed)

·         Have a genuine interest as a means of reproduction, which consists of the pistil and pollen benag so often called Anthophyta (flowering plants),

·         Habitat mostly herbs,

·         Vegetative Propagation by bulb, rhizome, cuttings, and grafts,

·         Ovum is not formed in arkegonium,

·         Ovule enclosed (protected carpels),

·         Trunk vary, branched or not,

·         Leaves mostly broadleaf,

·         Bone leaves varied pertulangan system,

·         Interest is composed of sporofil plus other parts; real interest has existed as a means of reproduction consisting of pistils and stamens that are often called Anthophyta (flowering plants),

·         Pollination variety (autogami, anemogami, hidrogami, zoidiogami, etc.); pollen falls on the stigma; The distance of time between pollination until fertilization is relatively short,

·         Male sex cells of the sperm nucleus (generative nucleus) are not moving actively,

·         Anatomy is that there are not berkambium; There is a secondary one is not thickened; File collateral vessels transporting some open, some closed collateral, there is a bikolateral; Xylem consists of the trachea and trakeida, Phloem with escort cells,

·         The type of double fertilization fertilization occurs,

·         Type of xylem and phloem heterogeneous, which means it consists of tracheid cells and trachea,

·         Tools reproduction does not have ovaries and flowers, that there is a strobilus. zigotnya open just like that,

·         Makrosporofil and mikrosporofil not appear and collected on a single flower,

·         Have the roots of riding and leaf shape varies,

Double Fertilization (conception twice):
      generatif1 nucleus with the ovum produces a zygote nucleus ® new plant

·         generatif2 core with a core biological secondary institutions produce ® endosperm food reserves for embryo growth

·         There is a monoecious plant (married one) and diecious (married two),

·         Represents traceophyta plants phloem and xylem which has a heterogeneous, which means it consists of cells trackeid and trachea,

·         Type and hypogeal epigeal germination,

·         Type of transport vessels in the stem while the roots of the radial collateral,

·         Places of pollination in the stigma,

·         Consists of two classes, namely Dicotyledonae and Monocotyledonae.

3.       Angiospermae is classified into two group, it is :

ü  Monocotyledonae

Plant seed pieces single (or monocot) is one of two major groups of flowering plants that seeds do not split because it only has one leaf institution.

This plant has several characteristics:

·         intelligent fiber,

·         stem has joints, pertulangan leaf parallel,

·         Crown number of flowers or petals are three or multiples thereof,

·         Having a single seed pieces, roots fibers,

·         Stem from the base to the tip of almost equal magnitude. Generally not branched,

·         Roots and stems are not berkambium,

·         Examples: Oryza sativa (rice), Zea mays (maize), Musa paradisiaca (banana), Cocos nucifera (coconut).

ü  Dicotyledonae

Plant seeds or plants split into pieces two are a class of plant seeds flowering that characterized the same as having a pair of leaf institutions (cotyledon: leaf form in the embryo) in the form from the seed stage so that the seed most members are easily cut in half.

This plant has several characteristics:

·         Having the disc number two seed,

·         rooted riding,

·         stems from the base to the top of the vanishingly small,

·         Stem branched,

·         roots and stems have cambium,

·         Examples: Casia siamea (johar), Arachis hypogea (peanuts), Psidium guajava (guava), Ficus elastica (rubber).

4.       Differences between dicotyledonae and monocotyledonae

No	Comparison factor	Monocotyledonae	Dicotyledonae
1	Root form	Having a system of root fibers	Has a root system upside
2	Form of bone marrow or leaf pattern	Curved or parallel	Pinnate or finger
3	Kaliptrogen / hood roots	There is a hood root / kaliptra	No there is no root cap
4	The number of pieces of seeds or cotyledons	Just one piece seeds	There are two pieces of fruit seeds
5	The content of roots and stems	There is no cambium	There cambium
6	The number of petals	Generally is a multiple of three	Usually a multiple of four or five
7	Protective roots and stems institutions	Found stem institution/ coleoptile and roots institution / keleorhiza	There is no protector nor coleoptile koleorhiza
8	The growth of roots and stems	Can not grow into larger Could grow into larger	Can grow into larger Could grow into larger

5.       Explain of twice fertilization :

Twice fertilization is the initial phase that precedes the fertilization process is pollination (pollination), namely the delivery of pollen grains to the stigma.

Most of the plants angiospermae rely on the help of animals, insects, birds or bats in the process penyerbukan.Penyerbukan, pollen grains on the stigma attached to germinate forming pollen tubes. Tues tube moves into the pollen tubes toward the ovaries (ovaries). Meanwhile gametophyte cells divide by mitosis to produce two sperm cells. When the pollen tube (pollen) reached ovule (ovule), the tip of the tube penetrates the embryo sac through the micropyle, and release the 2 sperm cells. One sperm cell to fertilize an egg cell to form the zygote that is diploid (2n), while the other sperm cells to fertilize this 2 poles to form triploid cell (3n). This cell will divide to form storage network called the endosperm food reserves. Furthermore, endosperm will provide food for the developing embryo from the zygote. Two fusion events that occur between sperm cells with egg cells and sperm cells with the polar cell is known as twice fertilization in angiospermae. Tues antipode and sinergid usually degenerate. Fertilization process will then be followed by fruit and seed development.